Green hydrogen production does not produce CO₂. It can be generated from renewable sources. However, the costs are still relatively high. But in the next few years, the costs will be driven down by more investment in related technologies. Hydrogen has the potential for a very bright future; it could decarbonize heavy industry. It can be stored safely for a long time. It can be used in fuel-cell electric vehicles. In addition, hydrogen contributes to the security of the energy supply by diversifying fuels mix.

From grey to blue to green

Today, there are three main production methods for hydrogen.

• Grey hydrogen is obtained through a thermochemical conversion process that "reforms" fossil fuels into hydrogen. CO₂ is produced as a "waste product" and released into the atmosphere.
• When coupling grey hydrogen production route with CCS technologies (Carbon Capture and Storage) we get the so called blue hydrogen route, that achieves a neutral CO₂ balance.
• The most interesting process for future energy production is the production of green hydrogen. Water is split into its components of oxygen and hydrogen by means of electrolysis powered by electricity gained from renewable sources and it is carbon neutral.

Green hydrogen is not yet in wide use. The production of grey hydrogen is by far the most common, as it is the cheapest. About 95 percent of hydrogen is currently produced by this method. A few technical problems still need to be solved for the broad-scale use of green hydrogen, and more research is required. Trends and investments are increasingly pointing towards CO₂-neutral production processes.

Hydrogen is suited for many markets and applications. It shows promise as a heat source for homes and businesses as well as for heavy industry. Hydrogen can be used as a transport fuel or to produce electricity. In addition, it is an important raw material in many industries, such as refineries or the chemical industry.

Seals for hydrogen applications

Elastomer seals are needed wherever hydrogen is produced, transported, or stored. The requirements for these seals are very challenging. They have to function in a wide temperature range. They also have to be able to handle high pressure. Permeability is key, so the rubber compounds have to withstand hydrogen. The Angst+Pfister Group is currently running extensive suitability tests on all its existing products and new developments for use in hydrogen applications.

Whenever there are gases, the permeability of seals is always of particular concern. The structure of the elastomers functions as a barrier in the transportation of gases. Nonetheless, gases can still slowly diffuse through the polymer scaffold. Two thermodynamic properties come into play here:

• Diffusion describes how quickly gas spreads in a material.
• And the solubility quantifies the amount of gas that is absorbed by the material.

The product of these two factors is permeability. This, in turn, depends on a range of factors such as temperature and pressure, or the thickness and surface area of the material in contact with the gas. With gases, both the size of the molecules and their interaction with the seal material matter. Small molecules such as hydrogen diffuse more easily.

Conclusions and prospects

Permeation seems to be the main factor influencing the functioning of seals in hydrogen applications. Materials that have proven to be decompression resistant to other gases may not have problems with hydrogen, but this needs to be proven. Therefore Angst+Pfister is now planning further tests with pure hydrogen and pressures above 150 Bar. Likewise, Angst+Pfister compounds with a Shore hardness of 70 will be tested for permeation and leakage to be possibly used for moderate pressure applications. At the same time, Angst+Pfister is currently working on projects with customers to develop new sealing solutions for hydrogen applications.